Complete Blood Count ( CBC )

A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a comprehensive blood test that provides essential information about your overall health and helps diagnose various medical conditions. It measures several key components, including red blood cells (RBCs), which transport oxygen; hemoglobin (Hgb), the protein in RBCs that carries oxygen; and hematocrit (Hct), which indicates the proportion of blood composed of red cells. The CBC also counts white blood cells (WBCs), crucial for immune response, and platelets, which are vital for blood clotting. Additionally, the test includes indices like mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution width (RDW), which aid in classifying different types of anemia. By analyzing these components, a CBC can identify conditions such as anemia, infections, and blood disorders, making it a valuable tool for routine health assessments and disease monitoring.

VDRL / RPR

The VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) and RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) tests are both non-treponemal blood tests used primarily for the screening and diagnosis of syphilis. These tests detect the presence of antibodies that the body produces in response to substances released by damaged cells or by the Treponema pallidum bacteria, which causes syphilis. Conducted under strict Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) standards, VDRL and RPR tests are quick and cost-effective, making them accessible options for syphilis screening, especially in high-risk populations. A positive result typically necessitates further testing, such as treponemal tests, to confirm the diagnosis, as non-treponemal tests can yield false positives due to various other medical conditions. Early detection through these screenings is critical for effective treatment, as timely intervention can prevent the progression of syphilis and its associated complications, including serious long-term health issues. Regular screening is recommended for sexually active individuals, particularly those with multiple partners, contributing to public health efforts to control the spread of syphilis.

Liver Function Test (LFT)

A Liver Function Test (LFT) is a crucial diagnostic tool that evaluates the health and functionality of the liver by measuring various enzymes, proteins, and substances produced or processed by this vital organ. Key components of the LFT include alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), both of which indicate liver damage or inflammation when elevated. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is measured to assess bile duct function, with high levels potentially signaling obstruction or liver disease. Bilirubin, both total and direct, is also analyzed, as elevated bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction or hemolysis. Additionally, the test measures albumin, a protein produced by the liver, with low levels suggesting liver impairment. By analyzing these parameters, healthcare providers can diagnose various liver conditions, monitor disease progression, and evaluate treatment efficacy, making LFTs essential for managing liver health.

Renal Function Test without Urine Routine (RFT)

A Renal Function Test (RFT) without a urine routine is a blood test that assesses the kidneys' ability to filter waste products from the blood and maintain overall fluid and electrolyte balance. Key components of the RFT include blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, which are critical indicators of kidney health. Elevated BUN levels can suggest dehydration or impaired kidney function, while high creatinine levels typically indicate reduced kidney filtration capability. The test also calculates the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), providing an estimate of how well the kidneys are functioning based on creatinine levels, age, sex, and sometimes race. Normal eGFR values generally exceed 60 mL/min/1.73 m²; lower values indicate possible kidney disease. By evaluating these parameters, RFTs help diagnose conditions such as chronic kidney disease, monitor disease progression, and guide treatment decisions, making them essential for managing renal health.

Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (Beta HCG)

Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (Beta hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta shortly after a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining. It is primarily known for its role in pregnancy, as it helps maintain the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to support the early stages of gestation. Beta hCG levels are commonly measured to confirm pregnancy and monitor its progression. In early pregnancy, hCG levels typically rise rapidly, doubling every two to three days. Beyond its use in pregnancy testing, elevated beta hCG levels can also indicate certain types of tumors, such as trophoblastic diseases, germ cell tumors, and some cancers of the ovary or testisMonitoring beta hCG levels is crucial for assessing the health of a pregnancy, detecting potential complications, and aiding in the diagnosis and management of specific malignancies. Regular assessment of beta hCG can provide valuable insights for both obstetric and oncological care.

Random Blood Glucose

Random blood glucose is a diagnostic test that measures the level of glucose in the blood at any time, regardless of when the last meal was consumed. This test is particularly useful for screening for diabetes and monitoring blood sugar levels in individuals already diagnosed with the condition. A blood sample is typically taken from a finger prick or venipuncture, and results can provide immediate information about blood sugar levels. Random blood glucose testing is valuable for assessing how well the body manages glucose, especially in situations where symptoms of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia are present. Regular monitoring is essential for individuals with diabetes, as it helps inform treatment decisions and lifestyle adjustments, ultimately supporting better management of blood sugar levels and overall health.

Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months. It provides insight into long-term glucose control and is a key indicator for managing diabetes. HbA1c reflects the percentage of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, that has glucose attached to it. Normal HbA1c levels are generally below 5.7%. A result between 5.7% and 6.4% indicates prediabetes, while a level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests is diagnostic for diabetes. This test is especially useful for monitoring the effectiveness of diabetes treatment and making necessary adjustments. Unlike daily blood glucose tests, which can fluctuate, HbA1c offers a more stable view of glucose management over time, making it an essential tool for patients and healthcare providers in the management of diabetes.

HIV - CLIA

The HIV CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments) test is a diagnostic assay designed to detect the presence of HIV antibodies or antigens in the blood. This test is subject to rigorous regulatory standards to ensure accuracy and reliability in laboratory settings. Depending on the type of HIV test performed, it can identify both HIV-1 and HIV-2, the two main types of the virus. Rapid testing options are also available, providing results in as little as 20 minutes, which is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment. A positive result may require confirmation through additional testing, such as an HIV viral load test or a Western blot analysis. Early detection of HIV is vital for effective management, allowing for timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy to reduce the risk of progression to AIDS and improve long-term health outcomes. Regular HIV screening is recommended for individuals at higher risk, contributing to public health efforts to control and prevent the spread of HIV.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) - CLIA

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) testing is a crucial diagnostic tool used to detect the presence of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the blood. This test is performed under the standards set by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), ensuring high accuracy and reliability. A positive HBsAg result indicates an active Hepatitis B infection, which can be either acute or chronic. The test is essential for identifying individuals who may be infectious and at risk of transmitting the virus to others. It is often used in conjunction with other tests, such as Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) and antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), to assess the stage of infection and guide treatment decisions. Early detection of HBsAg is vital for effective management of Hepatitis B, as timely intervention can reduce the risk of complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Regular screening for HBsAg is recommended for high-risk populations, contributing to better public health outcomes and control of Hepatitis B transmission.

Blood Grouping with Rh Type

Blood grouping with Rh typing is a crucial laboratory test that determines an individual's blood type based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The two primary components of blood typing are the ABO system and the Rh factor. The ABO system categorizes blood into four main groups: A, B, AB, and O, depending on the presence of A and B antigens. The Rh factor is an additional antigen, with the most common type being the Rh(D) antigen; individuals are classified as either Rh-positive (presence of the antigen) or Rh-negative (absence of the antigen). This testing is essential for various medical procedures, including blood transfusions, organ transplants, and prenatal care. Accurate blood typing ensures compatibility between donors and recipients, reducing the risk of serious transfusion reactions. Furthermore, Rh typing is particularly important during pregnancy, as an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive baby may develop antibodies that could harm the fetus. Regular blood grouping and Rh typing are fundamental components of safe medical practice, providing critical information for patient management and treatment planning.

Thyroxine (T4)

Thyroxine (T4) is a crucial hormone produced by the thyroid gland that plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development. It is one of the primary hormones responsible for maintaining the body's energy levels and metabolic rate. T4 levels are commonly measured in the blood to assess thyroid function, and abnormalities can indicate conditions such as hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone production) or hyperthyroidism (excess production). Low T4 levels can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and sensitivity to cold, while high levels may cause symptoms like weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety. Thyroxine testing is often conducted alongside other thyroid function tests, such as Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Free T4, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of thyroid health. Regular monitoring of T4 is essential for individuals with known thyroid disorders, as it aids in managing treatment and ensuring optimal thyroid function.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is a critical hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), from the thyroid gland. TSH plays a vital role in maintaining metabolic balance, influencing various bodily functions such as energy levels, growth, and temperature regulation. Measuring TSH levels is a standard practice in assessing thyroid function, as abnormal levels can indicate conditions such as hypothyroidism (high TSH levels due to low thyroid hormone production) or hyperthyroidism (low TSH levels due to excessive thyroid hormone production). Regular monitoring of TSH is particularly important for individuals with known thyroid disorders or those undergoing treatment, as it helps guide therapeutic decisions and ensures optimal thyroid health. TSH testing is often conducted alongside T4 and T3 measurements for a comprehensive evaluation of thyroid function, aiding in the early detection and management of thyroid-related conditions.

Urine Routine

A Urine Routine, also known as a urinalysis, is a basic diagnostic test that examines the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine to assess overall health and detect various medical conditions. The physical examination evaluates urine color, clarity, and odor, providing initial insights into hydration status and potential infections. The chemical analysis checks for substances like pH, glucose, protein, and ketones; for example, the presence of glucose can indicate diabetes, while elevated protein levels may suggest kidney dysfunction. The microscopic examination looks for red and white blood cells, bacteria, crystals, and casts, which can indicate urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or other renal issues. By combining these evaluations, a Urine Routine serves as an essential tool for diagnosing health problems, monitoring chronic conditions, and guiding treatment decisions effectively. Regular urinalysis can help detect underlying issues early, making it a vital component of routine health assessments.