CEA (Carcino Embryonic Antigen)

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein typically produced during fetal development, but its levels can also be elevated in adults, particularly in certain cancers. CEA is primarily associated with colorectal cancer, but it may also be elevated in other malignancies, including breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers, as well as in some benign conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and liver disease. Measuring CEA levels in the blood can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring cancer treatment, as well as assessing disease progression or recurrence. Elevated CEA levels may indicate the presence of cancer, but they are not exclusively diagnostic, as levels can vary based on individual health factors. Regular monitoring of CEA can help healthcare providers make informed decisions regarding treatment strategies and patient management, contributing to improved outcomes for individuals diagnosed with cancer.

CA 19-9

CA 19-9 (Cancer Antigen 19-9) is a tumor marker primarily associated with pancreatic cancer, though it can also be elevated in other gastrointestinal cancers, such as those of the bile ducts, liver, and colon. This carbohydrate antigen is produced by certain normal cells in the pancreas and biliary tract, but elevated levels in the blood often signal malignancy or other significant conditions. While CA 19-9 is not used for initial diagnosis, it is valuable in monitoring treatment response and disease progression in patients already diagnosed with cancer. Elevated levels can occur in benign conditions as well, including pancreatitis, liver disease, and bile duct obstruction. Therefore, CA 19-9 should be interpreted in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical findings. Regular monitoring of CA 19-9 levels can aid healthcare providers in making informed decisions regarding treatment plans and assessing the effectiveness of therapies, ultimately contributing to better patient management and outcomes.

CA 125

CA 125 is a tumor marker primarily associated with ovarian cancer, though it can also be elevated in other conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and some benign tumors. CA 125 is a protein found on the surface of many cells, and its levels are often measured in the blood to help assess the presence of ovarian cancer, particularly in women who have already been diagnosed or are at high risk. Elevated levels of CA 125 do not definitively indicate cancer, as they can be influenced by various non-cancerous conditions, making it essential to interpret results in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations. While CA 125 can be useful for monitoring treatment response and detecting recurrence of ovarian cancer, it is not recommended as a standalone screening tool for the general population. Regular testing may be beneficial for women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, contributing to early detection and more effective management of potential malignancies.

CA 15-3

CA 15-3 is a tumor marker primarily associated with breast cancer, though it can also be elevated in other malignancies and benign conditions. This glycoprotein is produced by breast tissue and can be measured in the blood to help monitor treatment response and disease progression in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. While CA 15-3 is not used as a primary diagnostic tool, its levels can provide valuable information about the effectiveness of therapy and the likelihood of recurrence. Elevated levels may be observed in advanced breast cancer, as well as in other conditions such as ovarian cancer, liver disease, and autoimmune disorders. As such, CA 15-3 results should be interpreted in the context of a comprehensive clinical evaluation. Regular monitoring of CA 15-3 can assist healthcare providers in tailoring treatment strategies and improving patient management, ultimately contributing to better outcomes for those with breast cancer or related conditions.

Alpha Feto Protein - AFP

Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced primarily by the fetal liver and yolk sac during development. In adults, AFP levels are typically low, but elevated levels can indicate certain medical conditions. AFP is most commonly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) and germ cell tumors, particularly non-seminomatous testicular cancer. It is also used in prenatal screening to assess potential fetal abnormalities, such as neural tube defects or chromosomal disorders. Elevated AFP levels can result from liver diseases, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, as well as pregnancy. While AFP is a valuable marker for monitoring treatment response and disease progression in cancer patients, it is not exclusively diagnostic, as elevated levels can occur in non-malignant conditions. Regular measurement of AFP can assist healthcare providers in making informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment options, and patient management, ultimately enhancing outcomes for those with liver cancer or other related conditions.

Total Prostate Specific Antigen - PSA

Total Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by both normal and malignant cells of the prostate gland, and its levels in the blood are commonly measured to assess prostate health. The PSA test is primarily used as a screening tool for prostate cancer and to monitor patients diagnosed with the disease. Normal PSA levels typically range from 0 to 4 ng/mL, though these values can vary based on age and individual health factors. Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer, but they can also result from benign conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis. Because the PSA test is not specific to cancer, abnormal results often lead to further investigation, which may include repeat testing or biopsy. Regular monitoring of PSA levels is crucial for men, particularly those over the age of 50 or those with a family history of prostate cancer, as early detection can significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival rates. The decision to undergo PSA screening should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider, considering individual risk factors and preferences.